Monocular Cues

Relative Size is a perception which allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size.

 

This picture of flowers in a field displays the sensory perception of relative size, because, we know how big the front flower is and based upon that size we can determine the distance between the front flowers and any other flower.

Relative height is perception where distant objects are seen or portrayed as being smaller and higher in relation to items that are closer.



http://catnaps.org/islamic/islaurb4.html

This picture displays relative height because as we look at the palm trees they look like their normal size, but as we look in the background at the city, the palm trees appear to be bigger than the skyscrapers due to the palm trees being closer and the skyscrapers being much further away.

Relative motion refers to the motion or speed of any object in respect to a particular point.




http://lrosedai323visualdesignliteracysfsu.blogspot.com/2009_04_01_archive.html

This picture shows relative motion, because as we focus on the train, the speed of the background "passing by" allows us to determine the relative motion or speed.

Binocular Cues - Retinal Disparity

Retinal Disparity - difference between the visual images that each eye perceives because of the different angles in which each eye views the world because of each eye's inability to see through their peripheral area


http://www.sandlotscience.com/EyeonIllusions/images/finger_sausage.jpg

In this picture, we think that the "floating finger" is actually floating, but in reality, because we do not have peripheral vision when our one eye is covered, we think that the finger is floating. 

Convergence - When your eyes turn inwards in order to properly perceive depth. We also use this to see if objects are close or far away. 

http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/railroad_tracks.png

In this picture our eyes need to turn inwards so that we can see that the railroad tracks stretch out really far. We use convergence to perceive depth. 

Depth Perception- monocular cues cont.

Interposition

Interposition is a visual signal that an object is closer than the ones behind it because the closer object covers part of the farther object.

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/23/80/95/23809553d24075c46638a459d506d5e4.jpg

See how the first domino is blocking the second domino. This gives the effect that the first domino is closer. With this effect, it makes it seem like there is depth.

Texture Gradient

Texture Gradient is when objects closer to you have a more defined shape or a clear crisp texture, and objects that are increasingly further away from you will be a less defined shape or have a less clear crisp texture.

http://www.psypress.co.uk/mather/resources/topic.asp?topic=ch10-tp-01

Take this picture of these lily pads as an example. In the closer lily pads, you can see the distinct shape and texture of the lily pads, but as you move farther out the lily pads have a less distinct shape and you can't really define them very well. As a result, it creates depth in the photo.

Linear Perspective

Linear perspective is when parallel lines appear to converge with distance. The more the lines seem to converge, the greater the perceived distance.

http://study.com/academy/lesson/linear-perspective-in-renaissance-art-definition-example-works-quiz.html

Railroad tracks are a great example. As you look down the pair of railway lines, they seem to almost touch at the end. This gives the effect that there is distance as you look down the tracks. But, in reality this is a 2D picture and there is no distance. You just perceive depth in this picture.

Visual Illusions! (3)

                                                      Hermann Grid Illusion 

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge0jx9hs_WDMC1fz4p6bevjB3FbE1AZI_QcwIDzXCeKBH9ZE7-8Xndsf3CASq7JfunZKzWUhBu1WywMU_ZbDIa1kuJpfrITyqqqWuimY_FpGhozol9aUbrOObcZdhsyTIHnVyEwYc3bn8/s1600/rotsnakemini.gif

With this illusion, you can see little gray dots in between the squares as you look at the picture. But when you look away, the squares disappear. Lateral Inhibition causes anything surrounded by a dark area to seem lighter and vice versa. 

Rotating Snakes 

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge0jx9hs_WDMC1fz4p6bevjB3FbE1AZI_QcwIDzXCeKBH9ZE7-8Xndsf3CASq7JfunZKzWUhBu1WywMU_ZbDIa1kuJpfrITyqqqWuimY_FpGhozol9aUbrOObcZdhsyTIHnVyEwYc3bn8/s1600/rotsnakemini.gif

The concentric circles in this shape make your brain perceive them to be moving, but if you stare at one spot they stop. The bright colors are arranged in a way that when we see them, our brain fills in the gaps and "moves" them. 

Spinning Dancer Illusion 

http://f.tqn.com/y/psychology/1/L/Z/5/Spinning_Dancer.gif

As the dancer spins, some people see her moving clockwise and some people see her moving anti-clockwise. We can attribute this illusion to visual spatial ability, which allows us to construct 2D and 3D pictures in our minds. 

Shape Constancy - Perceptual Constancies

Shape Constancy is when we perceive an object as having the same shape regardless of its orientation or the angle from which we view it. Our brain takes into account distance and depth so that we can see that the shape hasn't actually changed.

This book is actually a rectangle when you look at it straight, but from an angle it is a trapazoid. Shape Constancy helps us see that it is still a rectangle in both pictures.

Brightness Constancy - Perceptual Constancies

The brightness constancy theory states that when an object is seen alone on a blank screen, it looks like it emits light but in different levels of brightness, it will not.

The moon in the picture on the left is clearly visible because it has a dark background, but the moon in the picture on the right is barely visible due to the lighter background.

http://36.media.tumblr.com/e57a4fb189fb95579b674e22b9c5380c/tumblr_n1fscb3YJ31svzx9ao1_1280.jpg
http://d1jrw5jterzxwu.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/styles/article_header_image/public/article_media/moon-venus-wordlesstech-com.jpg?itok=iArcu6kM

Perceptual Constancies- size constancy

Size constancy is an aspect of perceptual constancies in which an object will appear to be the same size to an observer despite the changes in light, rotation, distance, etc.





These nail polishes appear to be the same size to us even though the red one is further back (distance) then the pink one. These nail polishes show us our perception of size constancy.

Figure-ground perception

Figure-perception can be described as the tendency of the visual system to simplify a scene into the main object we are looking at and everything else that forms the background.



http://mindhacks.com/2008/08/25/kanizsa-kiwi/



This kiwi illusion represents our figure-ground perception because, when we look at the photo we either see the white triangle or green kiwi and whatever we don't see is set as a background.

Perception of movement

Perception of movement is the process of inferring the speed and direction of elements in a scene based on visual, vestibular and proprioceptive inputs.






This is a light festival in India. When you look intensely at the image the lights begin to move in several directions, Therefore, this image is an example of perception of movement

Reversible Figures

A reversible figure is a two dimensional figure that represents a three dimensional object in such a way that it can be seen from two different perspectives.



https://learnodo-newtonic.com/penrose-stairs-explanation-impossible-stairs


These are Penrose Stairs they represent a reversible figure because, it is possible to focus on the people walking forwards up the stairs, or walking backwards down the stairs.

Phi Phenomenon

Phi Phenomenon is the optical illusion in which we perceive a series of still images as a continuous motion, due to rapid succession.

With this Apple loading gif, we perceive the loading symbol to be one continuous motion, even though each of them are changing individually.